1. Isticmaal kala saarid

Marka loo eego sifooyinka kala duwan ee isticmaalka caagadaha kala duwan, balaastiggu inta badan waxaa loo qaybiyaa saddex nooc: caagagga guud, balaastigga injineernimada iyo balaastikada gaarka ah.

① caag guud

Guud ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa balaastikada leh wax soo saar ballaaran, codsi ballaaran, qaabeyn wanaagsan iyo qiimo jaban.Waxaa jira shan nooc oo balaastig ah, kuwaas oo kala ah polyetylen (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) iyo acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Shantan nooc ee balaastikada ah ayaa ah inta badan alaabta ceeriin ee caagga ah, inta soo hartayna asal ahaan waxaa loo kala saari karaa noocyo caag ah oo gaar ah, sida: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, iwm, waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka nolol maalmeedka. aad u yar, inta badan Waxaa loo isticmaalaa meelaha ugu sarreeya sida warshadaha injineernimada iyo tignoolajiyada difaaca qaranka, sida baabuurta, hawada hawada, dhismaha, iyo isgaarsiinta.Marka loo eego kala soocideeda balaastikada, balaastikada waxaa loo qaybin karaa heerkulbeegyo iyo balaastiig heerkulbeeg ah.Duruufaha caadiga ah, alaabooyinka heerkulbeegga ah waa dib loo warshadayn karaa, halka balaastikada heerkulbeegga ah aanay karin.Sida laga soo xigtay sifooyinka indhaha ee balaastikada, waxaa loo qaybin karaa alaabta ceeriin ee hufan, translucent iyo opaque, sida PS, PMMA, AS, PC, iwm kuwaas oo ah balaastig hufan

Guryaha iyo isticmaalka caagadaha sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo waxaa loo qaybin karaa cufnaanta hoose ee polyetylen (LDPE), cufnaanta sare ee polyetylen (HDPE) iyo polyetylen toosan oo hooseeya (LLDPE).Saddexda, HDPE waxay leedahay kuleyl wanaagsan, koronto iyo qalab farsamo, halka LDPE iyo LLDPE ay leeyihiin dabacsanaan wanaagsan, guryaha saameynaya, guryaha sameynta filimada, iwm. , halka HDPE ay leedahay codsiyo kala duwan oo kala duwan, sida filimada, tuubooyinka, iyo duritaanka baahiyaha maalinlaha ah.

2. Polypropylene:

Marka la eego, polypropylene waxay leedahay noocyo badan, adeegsi aad u adag, iyo beero kala duwan.Noocyada inta badan waxaa ka mid ah homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), kopolymer polypropylene block (copp) iyo copolymer polypropylene random (rapp).Sida laga soo xigtay codsiga Homopolymerization waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in beeraha sawir silig, fiber, duritaanka, filimka BOPP, iwm. polypropylene waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa Alaabaha hufan, wax soo saarka sare, tuubooyinka waxqabadka sare, iwm.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Sababtoo ah qiimaha jaban iyo guryaha dib u ololaynta, waxay leedahay adeegyo badan oo kala duwan oo loo isticmaalo goobta dhismaha, gaar ahaan tuubooyinka bulaacada, albaabada iyo daaqadaha caaga ah, taarikada, maqaar macmal ah, iwm.

4. Polystyrene:

Sida nooc ka mid ah alaabta ceeriin ee hufan, marka ay jirto baahi loo qabo hufnaan, waxay leedahay adeegsiyo badan oo kala duwan, sida nalalka baabuurta, qaybo maalinle ah oo hufan, koobabka hufan, gasacadaha, iwm.

5. ABS:

Waa caag injineero badan leh oo leh sifooyin farsamo iyo kulayl aad u wanaagsan.Waxa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa agabka guriga, baalasha, waji-xidhka, golayaasha, agabka, iwm, gaar ahaan agabka guriga, sida mashiinada dharka lagu dhaqo, qaboojiyaha, talaajadaha, marawaxada korontada, iwm. Waa mid aad u balaadhan oo si balaadhan looga isticmaalo wax ka beddelka caagga ah.

② Injineeriyada balaastikada

Guud ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa balaastikada u adkeysan karta xoog dibadeed gaar ah, leh sifooyin farsamo oo wanaagsan, iska caabin heerkul sarreeya iyo mid hooseeya, oo leh xasillooni cabbir wanaagsan, waxaana loo isticmaali karaa qaab-dhismeedka injineernimada, sida polyamide iyo polysulfone.Balaastigga injineernimada, waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood: caagagga injineernimada guud iyo caagagga injineernimada gaarka ah.Balaastigga injineernimada ayaa buuxin kara shuruudo sare marka loo eego sifooyinka farsamada, cimri dhererka, caabbinta daxalka, iyo iska caabinta kulaylka, waxayna aad ugu habboon yihiin in la farsameeyo oo ay bedeli karaan walxaha birta ah.Balaastigga injineernimada ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa koronto iyo elektiroonig, baabuurta, dhismaha, qalabka xafiisyada, mishiinnada, hawada hawada iyo warshadaha kale.Ku beddelashada caagagga birta iyo caagagga alwaaxda waxay noqotay isbeddel caalami ah.

Balaastigga injineernimada guud waxaa ka mid ah: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether la beddelay, polyester thermoplastic, polyetylen ultra-high molecular weight, polymer methylpentene, vinyl alcohol copolymer, iwm.

Balaastigga injineernimada gaarka ah ayaa loo qaybiyaa noocyo iskudhaf ah iyo kuwo aan iskutallaab ahayn.Noocyada isku-xiran waa: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide cross-linked, resin epoxy u adkaysta kulaylka iyo wixii la mid ah.Noocyada aan isku xirneyn waa: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) iyo wixii la mid ah.

③Balaastigga gaarka ah

Guud ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa balaastikada leh shaqooyin gaar ah waxaana loo isticmaali karaa codsiyo gaar ah sida duulista iyo hawada.Tusaale ahaan, fluoroplastics iyo silicones waxay leeyihiin iska caabin heerkul sare oo heersare ah, is-saliimayn iyo hawlo kale oo gaar ah, balaastigga la xoojiyay iyo balaastigga xumbo leh waxay leeyihiin sifooyin gaar ah sida xoog sare iyo barkin sare.Caagadahani waxay ka tirsan yihiin qaybta caagadaha gaarka ah.

a.Caag la xoojiyay:

Walxaha cayriin ee balaastiga ah ee la xoojiyay waxa loo qaybin karaa granular (sida kalsiyum balaastig la xoojiyay), fiber (sida fiber galaas ama maro galaas ah oo la xoojiyay), iyo muuqalkaSida laga soo xigtay maaddada, waxaa loo qaybin karaa balaastig la xoojiyay oo dhar ku salaysan (sida calal la xoojiyay ama balaastigga asbestos), balaastikada macdanaha ah ee ka buuxsamay (sida quartz ama balaastigga mica ah), iyo balaastikada la xoojiyay (sida fiber carbon oo la xoojiyay). caagadaha).

b.Xumbo:

Caagagga xumbo waxaa loo qaybin karaa saddex nooc: xumbo adag, badh-adag iyo xumbo dabacsan.Xumbo adagi ma laha dabacsanaan, iyo adkeynteeda cadaadisku waa mid aad u weyn.Waxay qudhmi doontaa keliya marka ay gaadho qiime walaaca oo aanay ku soo noqon karin sidii ay ahayd ka dib marka diiqada la dejiyo.Xumbada dabacsani waa dabacsanaan, oo ay ku adag tahay cadaadiska hooseeya, wayna fududahay in la habeeyo.Soo celi xaaladdii asalka ahayd, qallafsanaanta hadhaa waa yar tahay;dabacsanaanta iyo sifooyinka kale ee xumbo-adag-yar ayaa u dhexeeya xumbo adag iyo jilicsan.

Labo, kala soocidda jireed iyo kiimiko

Sida laga soo xigtay sifooyinka kala duwan ee jireed iyo kiimikaad ee balaastikada kala duwan, balaastikada waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba nooc: balaastikada heerkulbeegga iyo balaastikada thermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): waxaa loola jeedaa balaastikada dhalaali doonta kuleylka ka dib, waxay ku qulquli karaan caaryada qaboojinta ka dib, ka dibna dhalaali doona kuleylka ka dib;kululaynta iyo qaboojinta waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro isbeddello la beddeli karo (dareere ←→ adag), haa Waxa loogu yeero isbeddelka jirka.Heerkul-kulul ujeedo-guud ayaa leh isticmaalka joogtada ah ee heerkulka ka hooseeya 100 ° C.Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, iyo polystyrene ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan afar balaastiig ah oo ujeedo guud ah.Caagagga Thermoplastic waxay u qaybsan yihiin hydrocarbons, vinyls oo leh hidde-sideyaasha polar, injineernimada, cellulose iyo noocyo kale.Way jilicsanaanaysaa marka la kululeeyo, wayna adkaataa marka la qaboojiyo.Si isdaba joog ah ayaa loo jilcinayaa oo loo adkeyn karaa loona ilaalin karaa qaab gaar ah.Waxay ku milmi kartaa dareereyaal gaar ah waxayna leedahay hanti lagu dhalaali karo oo la milmi karo.Thermoplastics waxay leeyihiin dahaar koronto oo heer sare ah, gaar ahaan polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyetylen (PE), polypropylene (PP) waxay leeyihiin koronto joogto ah oo aad u hooseeya iyo lumis dielectric ah.Wixii soo noqnoqda sare iyo qalabka dahaarka danab sare.Thermoplastics waa sahlan tahay in la qaabeeyo oo la farsameeyo, laakiin waxay leeyihiin iska caabin kulayl yar oo way fududahay in la gurguurto.Heerka gurguurta waxay ku kala duwan tahay culeyska, heerkulka deegaanka, dareeraha, iyo qoyaanka.Si looga gudbo daciifnimadan thermoplastics oo loo daboolo baahiyaha codsiyada ee dhinacyada tignoolajiyada hawada sare iyo horumarinta tamarta cusub, dhammaan wadamada waxay soo saarayaan resins kulaylka u adkaysta oo la dhalaali karo, sida polyether ether ketone (PEEK) iyo polyether sulfone ( PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), iwm. Qalabka isku dhafan iyaga oo isticmaalaya sida xabagta matrix waxay leeyihiin sifooyin farsamo sare iyo caabbinta kiimikada, waxay noqon kartaa heerkulbeegyo iyo alxan, waxayna leeyihiin xoog xiiran interlaminar ka fiican tan xabagta epoxy.Tusaale ahaan, adoo isticmaalaya polyether ether ketone sida resin matrix iyo fiber carbon si loo sameeyo walxo isku dhafan, iska caabbinta daalka ayaa ka badan kan epoxy/fiber carbon.Waxay leedahay iska caabin wanaagsan oo saameyn leh, iska caabin wanaagsan oo gurguurta heerkulka qolka, iyo habsanaan wanaagsan.Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si joogto ah at 240-270 ° C.Waa wax ku habboon dahaarka heerkulka sare.Walxaha isku dhafan ee ka samaysan polyethersulfone sida resin matrix iyo fiber carbon waxay leeyihiin awood sare iyo qallafsanaan 200 ° C, waxayna ilaalin karaan iska caabbinta saameyn wanaagsan -100 ° C;ma aha sun, aan guban karin, qiiqa ugu yar, iyo iska caabbinta shucaaca.Hagaag, waxaa la filayaa in loo isticmaalo sidii qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dayax-gacmeedka, waxaana sidoo kale loo qaabayn karaa radome, iwm.

Balaastigga iskutallaabta ee Formaldehyde waxaa ka mid ah balaastikada phenolic, balaastikada amino (sida urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, iwm.).Caagadaha kale ee isku-tallaabta ah waxaa ka mid ah polyester-ka aan dheregsanayn, resins epoxy, iyo resins dialyl phthalic ah.

(2) balaastiig kululaynta

Balaastigga heerkulbeegga waxaa loola jeedaa balaastikada lagu daweyn karo kulayl ama xaalado kale ama leh astaamo aan milmi karin, sida balaastikada phenolic, balaastikada epoxy, iwmKa dib habaynta kulaylka iyo qaabaynta, badeeco la daweeyay oo aan la dawayn karin oo aan milmi karin ayaa la sameeyay, iyo molecules resin-ku waxa ay ku xidhan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka shabakad qaab-dhismeed toosan.Kulaylka kordhay ayaa qudhmi doona oo baabi'in doona.Caagagga heerkulbeegga ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah phenolic, epoxy, amino, polyester aan saturated ahayn, furan, polysiloxane iyo walxo kale, iyo sidoo kale caagag cusub oo polydipropylene phthalate ah.Waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka caabbinta kulaylka sarreeya iyo caabbinta qallafsanaanta marka la kululeeyo.Khasaaraha ayaa ah in xoogga makaanikada uusan guud ahaan sareeynin, laakiin xoogga makaanikada waxaa lagu wanaajin karaa iyadoo lagu darayo wax-buuxiyeyaasha si loo sameeyo walxo dahaaran ama alaab la shubay.

Balaastig heerkulbeeg ah oo laga sameeyay resin phenolic oo ah alaabta ugu muhiimsan, sida balaastiigga phenolic-ka ah (oo loo yaqaan Bakelite), waa kuwo waara, cabbir ahaan deggan, una adkaysta walxaha kale ee kiimikaad marka laga reebo alkalis xooggan.Buuxiyeyaal kala duwan iyo wax lagu daro ayaa lagu dari karaa iyadoo loo eegayo isticmaalka iyo shuruudaha kala duwan.Noocyada u baahan waxqabadka sare ee daboolka, mica ama fiber galaas ayaa loo isticmaali karaa buuxinta;noocyada u baahan caabbinta kulaylka, asbestos ama buuxinyaal kale oo kulaylka u adkaysta ayaa loo isticmaali karaa;Noocyada u baahan iska caabinta seismic, fiilooyinka kala duwan ee ku habboon ama caag ayaa loo isticmaali karaa buuxinta iyo qaar ka mid ah wakiilada adag si loo sameeyo qalab adag oo sarreeya.Intaa waxaa dheer, resins phenolic oo la beddelay sida aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, iyo polyvinyl acetal ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha codsiyada kala duwan.Resins Phenolic sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu sameeyo laminates phenolic, kuwaas oo lagu garto xoogga farsamada sare, sifooyinka korantada ee wanaagsan, caabbinta daxalka, iyo habaynta sahlan.Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qalabka korantada ee hooseeya.

Aminoplasts waxaa ka mid ah urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde iyo wixii la mid ah.Waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka texture adag, caabbinta xoqan, aan midab lahayn, translucent, iwm. Ku darista alaabta midabka waxaa laga samayn karaa alaabo midab leh, oo caadi ahaan loo yaqaan Jaad koronto.Sababtoo ah waxay u adkaysataa saliidda oo aanay saamaynaynin alkalis daciif ah iyo dareerayaasha organic (laakin ma aha mid u adkaysta aashitada), waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa 70 ° C muddo dheer, waxayna u adkeysan kartaa 110 ilaa 120 ° C muddada gaaban loo isticmaalo alaabta korontada.Balaastigga Melamine-formaldehyde waxay leedahay engegnaan ka sareysa balaastigga urea-formaldehyde, waxayna leedahay caabbinta biyaha oo ka wanaagsan, iska caabinta kulaylka, iyo iska caabinta arc.Waxa loo isticmaali karaa sidii shay dahaarka u adkaysta.

Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo balaastiig heerkulbeeg ah oo lagu sameeyay resin epoxy sida alaabta ceeriin ee ugu weyn, kuwaas oo qiyaastii 90% ay ku saleysan yihiin bisphenol A epoxy resin.Waxay leedahay adhesion aad u fiican, korantada korantada, caabbinta kulaylka iyo xasiloonida kiimikada, yaraanta hoose iyo nuugista biyaha, iyo xoog farsamo oo wanaagsan.

Labaduba polyester-ka aan saturated lahayn iyo resin epoxy-ga ayaa laga samayn karaa FRP, kaas oo leh awood farsamo oo aad u fiican.Tusaale ahaan, balaastiig la xoojiyay fiber galaas oo ka sameysan polyester-ka aan la daboolin ayaa leh sifooyin farsamo oo wanaagsan iyo cufnaanta hoose (kaliya 1/5 ilaa 1/4 ee birta, 1/2 ee aluminium), wayna fududahay in loo habeeyo qaybo koronto oo kala duwan.Qalabka korantada iyo farsamada ee balaastikada laga sameeyay xuubka phthalate dipropylene ayaa ka fiican kuwa phenolic-ka iyo caagagga heerkulbeegga amino.Waxay leedahay hygroscopicity hooseeya, cabbirka badeecada deggan, waxqabadka qaabaynta wanaagsan, caabbinta acid iyo alkali, biyaha karkaraya iyo qaar ka mid ah dareerayaasha organic.Xarunta wax lagu dhejiyo waxay ku habboon tahay qaybaha wax soo saarka oo leh qaab dhismeed adag, caabbinta heerkulka iyo daboolka sare.Guud ahaan, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa muddo dheer heerkulka kala duwan ee -60 ~ 180 ℃, iyo heerka caabbinta kulaylku waxay gaari kartaa F ilaa H, taas oo ka sarraysa iska caabinta kulaylka ee phenolic iyo caagadaha amino.

Caagagga Silikoon ee qaabka qaab-dhismeedka polysiloxane ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa qalabka elektiroonigga ah iyo tignoolajiyada korantada.Caagagga silikoon ee la dahaadhay ayaa inta badan lagu xoojiyay maro dhalada;Caagagga qaabaysan ee silikoon waxaa inta badan ka buuxa fiber galaas ah iyo asbestos, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu soo saaro qaybo adkaysi u leh heerkulka sare, inta jeer ee badan ama matoorada quuska, qalabka korontada, iyo qalabka elektarooniga ah.Noocaan balaastiga ah waxaa lagu gartaa joogteynta dielectric hoose iyo qiimaha tgδ, oo ay saameyn yar ku yeelato inta jeer.Waxaa loo adeegsadaa warshadaha korantada iyo elektiroonigga ah si ay isaga caabiyaan corona iyo arcs.Xitaa haddii dheecaanku keeno burbur, alaabtu waa silicon dioxide halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd kaarboon madow..Walaxda noocaan ah waxay leedahay iska caabin kulayl oo aad u wanaagsan waxaana si joogto ah loo isticmaali karaa 250°C.Khasaaraha ugu weyn ee polysilicone waa xoog farsamo oo hooseeya, dhejis hooseeya iyo caabbinta saliidda oo liidata.Silikoon badan oo polymers ah oo wax laga beddelay ayaa la sameeyay, sida polyester-ka balaastikada silikoon la beddelay waxaana lagu dabaqay tignoolajiyada korantada.Qaar ka mid ah balaastiiggu waa balaastig heerkulbeeg ah iyo heerkulbeeg labadaba.Tusaale ahaan, polyvinyl chloride guud ahaan waa thermoplastic.Japan waxay samaysay nooc cusub oo dareere ah polyvinyl chloride kaas oo ah heerkulbeeg heerkulkiisu yahay 60 ilaa 140°C.Caag la yiraahdo Lundex oo ku taal Maraykanka ayaa leh labada hab-raac heerkulbeegyo, iyo sifooyin jireed oo balaastiig ah.

① caagadaha Hydrocarbon.

Waa balaastiig aan cirif ahayn, oo u kala qaybsan crystalline iyo non-crystalline.Balaastigga hydrocarbon ee Crystalline waxaa ka mid ah polyetylen, polypropylene, iwm.

②Balaastig Vinyl ah oo ay ku jiraan hiddo-wadaha polar.

Marka laga reebo fluoroplastics, intooda badani waa jiryo hufan oo aan crystalline ahayn, oo ay ku jiraan polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, iwm. Inta badan monomers vinyl waxaa lagu dhejin karaa kiciyayaal xagjir ah.

③Balaastigga Injineerinka Thermoplastic.

Inta badan waxaa ka mid ah polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, iwm. Polytetrafluoroethylene.Polypropylene oo la beddelay, iwm. ayaa sidoo kale lagu daray xadkan.

④ Thermoplastic cellulose caag ah.

Inta badan waxaa ka mid ah acetate cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane iyo wixii la mid ah.

Waxaan isticmaali karnaa dhammaan alaabta caagga ah ee kor ku xusan.
Xaaladaha caadiga ah, PP heerka-cuntada iyo PP heerka-caafimaadka ayaa loo isticmaalaa alaab la mid ahmalqacadaha. Dhuumahawaxay ka samaysan tahay maaddada HDPE, iyotuubada tijaabadaguud ahaan waxa laga sameeyay PP darajo caafimaad ama walxo PS ah.Waxaan weli haynaa badeecooyin badan, anagoo adeegsanayna walxo kala duwan, sababtoo ah waxaan nahay acaaryadasameeye, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan badeecooyinka balaastikada ah waa la soo saari karaa